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[41] hoffman, “Foucault’s Politics and Bellicosity as a Matrix for Power Relations.”

[42] Foisneau, “Farewell to Leviathan.”

[43] Foucault, “La société punitive,” Lecture 2 (Jan. 10, 1973), 22 – 23, 28–29;Foucault, La société punitive, 26 – 31 (“la guerre civile se déroule sur le théâtre du pouvoir”), 34 (“la politique est la continuation de la guerre civile”);Foucault, Punitive Society, trans. Burchell, 24 – 32.

[44] Wright, Study of War; Richardson, Statistics of Deadly Quarrels; Singer and Small, Wages of War, 1816—1965.

[45] Small and Singer, Resort to Arms, 203 – 4.

[46] Ibid., 210 – 20; Henderson and Singer, “Civil War in the Post-colonial World,1946—92,” 284 – 85.

[47] Sambanis, “What Is Civil War? ”, 816.

[48] 有关其他的讨论，参见Duvall, “Appraisal of the Methodological and Statistical Procedures of the Correlates of War Project”; Cramer, Civil War Is Not a Stupid Thing, 57 – 86; Vasquez, War Puzzle Revisited, 27 – 29。

[49] metropole和periphery的区别后来被战争研究所抛弃了，Sarkees and Wayman, Resort to War, 43, 47。

[50] 这个困境甚至阻碍了耶鲁政治学家Stathis Kalyvas提出更为实用的内战定义：“Armed combat within the boundaries of a recognized sovereign entity between parties subject to a common authority at the outset of the hostilities.”Kalyvas, Logic of Violence in Civil War, 17 (my emphasis).

[51] Remak, Very Civil War, 157.

[52] hopkinson, Green Against Green, 272 – 73.

[53] Sutton, Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland, 1969—1993; Conflict Archive on the Internet, “Violence: Deaths During the Conflict.”

[54] Sambanis, “It’s Official”; see also Toft, “Is It a Civil War, or Isn’t It?”

[55] Annan, quoted in Cordesmann, Iraq’s Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict,2:393.

[56] Lando, “By the Numbers, It’s Civil War.”

[57] Wong, “Matter of Definition.”

[58] Erdo an, quoted in Cordesmann, Iraq’s Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict,2:393.

[59] Keeter, “Civil War.”

[60] Stansfield, “Accepting Realities in Iraq.”

[61] Fearon, “Testimony to U.S. House of Representatives …on ‘Iraq: Democracy or Civil War?’ ”

[62] Fearon, “Iraq’s Civil War.”

[63] Zavis, “Maliki Challenges ‘Civil War’ Label.”

[64] Taheri, “There Is No Civil War in Iraq.”

[65] Keegan and Bull, “What Is a Civil War?”

[66] Patten, “Is Iraq in a Civil War?”: 32, 27.

[67] U.S. Army Field Manual 100 – 20: Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict,quoted in Patten, “Is Iraq in a Civil War?”: 28

[68] Patten, “Is Iraq in a Civil War?”: 29 (my emphasis).

[69] “Piú che ad una guerra fra nazioni, noi assistiamo ad una mondiale guerra civile”: Salvemini, “Non abbiamo niente da dire” (Sept. 4, 1914), in Come siamo andati in Libia e altri scritti dal 1900 al 1915, 366; “… dieser Großkriegist ein europäischer Burgerkrieg, ein Krieg gegen der inneren, unsichtbaren Feind des europäischen Geistes”: Marc, “Das geheime Europa” (Nov. 1914),in Marc, Schriften, 165; Losurdo, War and Revolution, trans. Elliott, 82;Traverso, A ferro e fuoco, 29.

[70] Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace, 5.

[71] Rusconi, Se cessiamo di essere una nazione, 101 – 21; Traverso, A ferroe fuoco;Traverso, “New Anti-Communism”; Cattani, “Europe as a Nation,” 8 – 9.

[72] Friedrich, “International Civil War,” in Foreign Policy in the Making, 223 – 53;Losurdo, “Une catégorie centrale du révisionnisme.”

[73] Roy, War and Revolution, 46 – 54, 83 – 91, 96, 108 – 9; Manjapra, M. N. Roy,128 – 29.

[74] Nolte, Der europäische Burgerkrieg, 1917—1945; Nipperdey, Doering Manteuffel, and Thamer, Weltburgerkrieg der Ideologien; Bonnet, “Réflexions et jeux d’échelles autour de la notion de ‘guerre civile européenne.’ ”另一种方法，参见Payne, Civil War in Europe, 1904—1949。

[75] Acheson, Present at the Creation, 4 – 5.

[76] John F. Kennedy, “State of the Union Address” (Jan. 11, 1962), in U.S. President(1961—1963: Kennedy), Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States:John F. Kennedy, 2:9; Miller, Modernism and the Crisis of Sovereignty, 15 – 16.

[77] Schmitt, Theory of the Partisan, trans. Ulmen, 95.

[78] Schmitt, Donoso Cortés in gesamteuropäischer Interpretation, 7 (“dereuropäische Bürgerkrieg von 1848…und der globale Weltbürgerkrieg der Gegenwart”), 18 – 19, 21, 85 – 86, 113 – 14; Schmitt, La guerre civile mondiale;Kesting, Geschichtsphilosophie und Weltburgerkrieg; Schnur, Revolution und Weltburgerkrieg; Portinaro, “L’epoca della guerra civile mondiale?”; Müller,Dangerous Mind, 104 – 15; Jouin, Le retour de la guerre juste, 269 – 90.

[79] Students for a Democratic Society, Port Huron Statement, 27.

[80] Arendt, On Revolution, 17; Bates, “On Revolutions in the Nuclear Age.”