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[12] Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949, 2B:325, 11; Sivakumaran, Law of Non-international Armed Conflict,30 – 31, 40.

[13] International Committee of the Red Cross, Seventeenth International Red Cross Conference, Stockholm, August 1948: Report, 71; Pictet, Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 39 – 48. On the drafting of Common Article 3, see Moir, Law of Internal Armed Conflict,23 – 29.

[14] 20世纪法律背景，详见Rougier, Les guerres civiles et le droit des gens; Siotis,Le droit de la guerre et les conflits armés d’un caractère non-international;Castrén, Civil War; La Haye, War Crimes in Internal Armed Conflicts; Solis,Law of Armed Conflict; Dinstein, Non-international Armed Conflicts in International Law; Moir, “Concept of Non-international Armed Conflict”。

[15] Geneva Convention, Common Article 3, in Pictet, Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 37 – 38.

[16] Sivakumaran, Law of Non-international Armed Conflict, 163; Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949, 1:351, quoted in ibid., 163.日内瓦会议关于殖民地的修改决议，参见Klose, “Colonial Testing Ground,” 108 – 11; Klose, Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence, trans. Geyer, 122 – 24。

[17] Institut de Droit International, “Principle of Non-intervention in Civil Wars.”

[18] Moir, Law of Internal Armed Conflict, 89 – 132; Sivakumaran, Law of Noninternational Armed Conflict,49 – 92, 182 – 92.

[19] Cullen, Concept of Non-international Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law; Vité, “Typology of Armed Conflicts in International Humanitarian Law,” 75 – 83; David, “Internal (Non-international) Armed Conflict.”

[20] 冲突分类的叙述，详见Wilmshurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflict。

[21] Institut de Droit International, “Application of International Humanitarian Law and Fundamental Human Rights, in Armed Conflicts in Which Non-state Entities Are Parties.”

[22] Kolb, “Le droit international public et le concept de guerre civile depuis 1945”;Mattler, “Distinction Between Civil Wars and International Wars and Its Legal Implications.”

[23] International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Tadi ,§ 97.

[24] 这些努力的总结和评论，详见Kre and Mégret, “The Regulation of Noninternational Armed Conflicts”。

[25] U.K. Ministry of Defence, Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict,381 – 408.

[26] Sewall, introduction to U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual, 352.

[27] International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Tadi ,§§ 126, 119.

[28] U.S. Department of State, Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs, “Daily Press Briefing — December 2, 2011”; Pressman, “Why Deny Syria Is in a Civil War?”

[29] Chenoweth, “Syrian Conflict Is Already a Civil War”; Murphy, “Why It’s Time to Call Syria a Civil War.”

[30] “Syria Crisis: Death Toll Tops 17,000, Says Opposition Group,” Huffington Post, July 9, 2012; “Syria in Civil War, Red Cross Says,” BBC News, Middle East, July 15, 2012.

[31] International Committee of the Red Cross, “Internal Conflicts or Other Situations of Violence.”

[32] Eckstein, “Introduction: Toward the Theoretical Study of Internal War,”in Internal War, 1. On Eckstein, see Almond, “Harry Eckstein as Political Theorist.”

[33] Eckstein, “On the Etiology of Internal Wars.” For recent overviews of the Cold War and the social sciences, see Engerman, “Social Science in the Cold War”;Gilman, “Cold War as Intellectual Force Field.”

[34] Orlansky, State of Research on Internal War, 3; compare Eckstein, Internal War,32: “The crucial issues…are pre-theoretical issues.”

[35] U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Nature of Revolution,155 – 56; Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution; Mc Alister, Viet Nam.

[36] 有关Rawls的演讲中更多政治和思想史的背景，详见Forrester, “Citizenship,War, and the Origins of International Ethics in American Political Philosophy,1960—1975”。

[37] Rawls, “Moral Problems.”

[38] Compare, for example, Speier, Revolutionary War.

[39] John Rawls, “Topic III: Just War: Jus ad bellum” (1969), Harvard University Archives, Acs. 14990, box 12, file 4; Mill, “A Few Words on Non-intervention”(1859), in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 21:111 – 23.

[40] Foucault, “La société punitive,” Lecture 1 (Jan. 3, 1973), 16 – 17; Foucault, La société punitive, 14 – 15; Foucault, Punitive Society, trans. Burchell, 13.