第三部分 结果（第11/11页）

[6] ‘Bauerngut’, Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (2nd ed.), II, pp.441 and 444.

[7] ‘Agriculture’ in Mulhall, op. cit., p.7.

[8] I. Wellman, ‘Histoire rurale de la Hongrie’, Annales E.S.C., 23, 6(1968), p.1203; Mulhall, loc. cit.

[9] E. Sereni, Storia del paesaggio agrario italiano (Bari 1962), pp.351-2. Industrial deforestation should not be neglected either. ‘The large mount of fuel required by [the furnaces of Lake Superior, USA] has already made a very decided impression on the surrounding timber,’ wrote H. Bauermann in 1868 (A Treatise on the Metallurgy of Iron[London 1872], p.227); daily supply of a single furnace required the clearing of an acre of forest.

[10] Elizabeth Whitcombe, Agrarian Conditions in Northern India, I, 1860-1900 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London 1972), pp.75-85, discusses the consequences of large-scale irrigation engineering in the United Provinces critically.

[11] Irwin Feller, ‘Inventive activity in agriculture, 1837-1900’, Journal of Economic History, XXII (1962), p.576.

[12] Charles McQueen, Peruvian Public Finance (Washington 1926), pp.5-6. Guano supplied 75 per cent of Peruvian government income of all kinds in 1861-6, 80 per cent in 186975. (Heraclio Bonilla, Guano y burguesia en et Peru [Lima 1974], pp.138-9, citing Shane Hunt.)

[13] ‘Bauemgut’, Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (2nd ed.), II, p.439.

[14] See G. Verga’s short story ‘Liberty’, based on the rising at Bronte, which is among those discussed in D. Mack Smith, ‘The peasants’revolt in Sicily in 1860’ in Studi in Onore di Gino Luzzatto (Milan 1950), pp.201-240.

[15] E. D. Genovese, In Red and Black, Marxian Explorations in Southern and Afro-American History (Harmondsworth1971), pp.131-4.

[16] For the most elaborate version of this argument see R. W. Fogel and S. Engermann, Time on the Cross (Boston and London 1974).

[17] Th. Brassey, Work and Wages Practically Illustrated (London 1872).

[18] H. Klein, ‘The Coloured Freedmen in Brazilian Slave Society’, Journal of Social History 3, I (1969), pp. 36; Julio Le Riverend, Historia economica de Cuba (Havana 1956), p.160.

[19] P. Lyashchenko, A History of the Russian National Economy (New York 1949), p.365.

[20] Lyashchenko, op. cit., pp.440 and 450.

[21] D. Wells, Recent Economic Changes (New York 1889), p.100.

[22] Jaroslav Purš, ‘Die Entwicklung des Kapitalismus in der Landwirtschaft der böhmischen Länder 1849-1879’, Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1963), III, p.38.

[23] I. Orosz, ‘Arbeitskräfte in der ungarischen Landwirtschaft,’Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1972) II, p.199.

[24] J.Varga, Typen und Probleme des bäuerlichen Grundbesitzes 1767-1849 (Budapest 1965), cited in Annales E.S.C. 23, 5 (1968), p.1165.

[25] A. Girault and L. Milliot, Principes de Colonisation et de Législation Coloniale. L’Algérie (Paris 1938), pp.383 and 386.

[26] Raymond Carr, Spain 1808-1939 (Oxford 1966), p.273.

[27] José Termes Ardevol, El Movimiento Obrero en Espana. La Primera Internacional (18641881) (Barcelona 1965), unpag. Appendix: Sociedades Obreras creadas en 1870-1874.

[28] A. Dubuc, ‘Les sobriquets dans le Pays de Bray en 1875’, Annales de Normandie (August 1952), pp.281-2.

[29] Purš, op. cit., p. 40.

[30] Franco Venturi, Les Intellectuels, le peuple et larevolu tion. Histoiré du populisme russe au XIX siècle (Paris 1972), II, pp. 946-8. This magnificent book, an earlier edition of which exists in English translation (Roots of Revolution [London 1960]), is the standard work on its subject.

[31] M. Fleury and P. Valmary, ‘Les Progres d’instruction élementaire de Louis XIV à Napoléon III’, Population XII (1957), pp. 69 ff; E. de Laveleye, L’Instruction du Peuple (Paris 1872), pp,174, 188, 196, 227-8 and 481.