第一章 欧洲病夫(第14/16页)

为使帝国的巴尔干策略不致流于纸上谈兵,康拉德于一九〇六年后重拟了奥匈帝国作战计划。针对为入侵匈牙利而拟定的U计划,增补了三个可能情况:I计划(I指意大利)、B计划(B指巴尔干)、R计划(R指俄罗斯)。I计划以奥地利的名义伙伴意大利为对象,严格来讲自一八八二年结成德、奥、意三国同盟起,意大利就是奥地利的盟邦,但谁都很清楚意大利骨子里与奥地利为敌。意大利人与法国人常为北非殖民地发生争端,意大利人加入三国同盟,只是为了在发生这类争端时取得外交掩护。比起取得利比亚或突尼斯,他们更想得到奥地利的里雅斯特、达尔马提亚、特伦托(Trento)周边的蒂罗尔地区。因此,被外交界称作“结盟之敌人”的奥地利、意大利两国,很有可能兵戎相向。

维也纳拟定俄罗斯、巴尔干半岛作战计划,则一点也不让人惊讶。若与俄罗斯开战,八九不离十肇因于奥匈帝国与塞尔维亚的冲突,因此康拉德的B计划、R计划在两个战线都采取守势,并保留一个可能足以决定战局的四个军的梯队作为预备队,以备需要时介入其中某个战线。如果俄罗斯人缩手,塞尔维亚会被击溃;如果俄罗斯人坚持不退,会在加利西亚打成僵局,然后在波兰受到奥、德联军包围。至少,计划如此想定。[81]


[1] “Der Schlemihl,” Die Zeit,Feb. 6,1913;R.J.W.Evans,The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy 1550-1700:An Interpretation(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1984).

[2] Winston S. Churchill,The World Crisis:The Eastern Front(London:Thornton Butterworth,1931),24.

[3] Arthur Ruhl,Antwerp to Gallipoli:A Year of the War on Many Fronts—and Behind Them(New York:Scribner’s,1916),232.

[4] Service Historique de l’Armée de Terre,Vincennes(SHAT),7N 1127,Vienna,Oct. 1,1889,“La question des nationalités dans l’armée Austro-Hongroise.”

[5] Geoffrey Wawro,The Franco-Prussian War(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003),305-306.

[6] Geoffrey Wawro,The Austro-Prussian War(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996),281.

[7] SHAT,7N 1124,Vienna,Aug. 20,1878,Cdt. Tour de Pin,“Aperçu politique.”

[8] SHAT,7N 1124,Vienna,Mar. 1878,Capt. de Berghes,“Composition et recrutement du corps d’officiers dans l’Armée Austro-Hongroise.”

[9] Kriegsarchiv,Vienna(KA),Militärkanzlei Franz Ferdinand(MKFF)206,Sarajevo,Feb. 7,1914,FZM Potiorek to Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

[10] SHAT,7N 1123,Vienna,July 15,1875,Capt. Brunet,“Voyage tactique de l’infanterie en Bohème.”

[11] SHAT,7N 1123,Vienna,May 28,1873,Col. de Valzy.

[12] SHAT,AAT,EMA,7N 851,Vienna,Jan. 1923,Gaston Bodart,“Etude sur organisation générale,politique et administrative.”

[13] Gunther E. Rothenberg,The Army of Francis Joseph(West Lafayette,IN:Purdue University Press,1976),109.

[14] Gunther E. Rothenberg,The Army of Francis Joseph(West Lafayette,IN:Purdue University Press,1976),141-142.

[15] SHAT,AAT,EMA,7N 1129,Austria,Feb. 8,1904,“Les scandales de la Cour de Vienne.”

[16] SHAT,EMA,7N 1128,Vienna,Oct. 14,1897,Cdt. Berckheim,“Notes sur le haut commandement en Autriche.”

[17] Otto Pflanze,Bismarck and the Development of Germany,vol. 2,The Period of Consolidation,1871-1880,2nd ed.(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1990),376.

[18] Christopher Clark,The Sleepwalkers:How Europe Went to War in 1914(New York:Harper,2013),66-73;Lothar Höbelt,“‘Well-Tempered Discontent’:Austrian Domestic Politics,” in Mark Cornwall,ed.,The Last Years of Austria-Hungary(Exeter:Exeter University Press,2002),48;A.J.P.Taylor,The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918(London:Penguin,1948),157.

[19] SHAT,AAT,EMA,7N 1128,Austria,April 30,1902,“Les allemands d’Autriche.”

[20] SHAT,AAT,EMA,7N 1128,Vienna,May 20,July 14 and 30,1897,Cdt. Berckheim to Minister of War.

[21] Rothenberg,Army of Francis Joseph,121.

[22] Carl E. Schorske,Fin-de-Siècle Vienna:Politics and Culture(New York:Vintage,1981),128-140.

[23] National Archives and Records Administration,Washington,DC(NARA),M695,roll 22,Vienna,Sept. 10,1924,Carol Foster,“The Culture of Austria.”

[24] Die Judenfrage(1908),5-22.

[25] Rothenberg,Army of Francis Joseph,128.

[26] Rothenberg,Army of Francis Joseph,78,85.

[27] Der“Militarismus”in Österreich-Ungarn(Vienna,Seidel,1902),9.

[28] Norman Stone,“Army and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy,1900-1914,”