第十章 新泛古陆(第9/10页)

不久前,我又给斯科特·达林打了电话,询问最新的情况。他告诉我,曾经在佛蒙特州相当常见的小棕蝠如今已经正式被列为该州的濒危物种了。同样的还有北美鼠耳蝠和三色蝠。“我常常用‘绝望’这个词,”他说,“我们正处于绝望境地。”

“说点别的,”他继续道,“我有一天读到了这样一条新闻。一个叫作佛蒙特生态研究中心的机构建立了一个网站。人们可以给任何在佛蒙特州的生物拍张照片,然后登记到这个网站上。如果是几年前读到这则新闻,我肯定会笑出来的。我肯定会说:‘你要让大家发来松树的照片吗?’而现在,在小棕蝠所发生的这些事情之后,我真希望他们能早点做这件事。”


[1] 根据最新的研究成果,这些真菌并不真正属于地丝霉属,因而更名为毁灭伪裸子囊菌(Pseudogymnoascus destructans),在分类学上地位未定,除了确定属于真菌门之外,连所属的纲都无法确定。下文不再特别指出,仍按原文使用毁灭地丝霉菌的名称。——译者

[2] Charles Darwin,letter to J.D.Hooker,Apr.19,1855,Darwin Correspondence Project,Cambridge University.

[3] Charles Darwin,letter to Gardeners’ Chronicle,May 21,1855,Darwin Correspondence Project,Cambridge University.

[4] 17~18世纪的欧洲建筑、音乐和艺术风格,以华丽的细节为主要特点。——译者

[5] Darwin,On the Origin of Species,385.

[6] Darwin,On the Origin of Species,394.

[7] Alfred Wegener,The Origin of Continents and Oceans,translated by John Biram(New York:Dover,1966),17.

[8] A.Davis,Invasion Biology(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009),22.

[9] Anthony Ricciardi,“Are Modern Biological Invasions an Unprecedented Form of Global Change?”Conservation Biology 21(2007):329-336.

[10] 发音来自小棕蝠科学命名中“luci”这个词根。——译者

[11] Randall Jarrell and Maurice Sendak,The Bat-Poet(1964;reprint,New York:HarperCollins,1996),1.

[12] Paul M.Cryan et al.,“Wing Pathology of White-Nose Syndrome in Bats Suggests Life-Threatening Disruption of Physiology,”BMC Biology 8(2010).

[13] 指在左轮手枪的弹仓中随机放入子弹,两人轮流用枪指着脑袋扣动扳机的性命赌博。——译者

[14] 这部分关于日本丽金龟扩散过程的描述出自Charles S.Elton,The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants(1958;reprint,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2000),51-53。

[15] Jason van Driesche and Roy van Driesche,Nature out of Place:Biological Invasions in the Global Age(Washington,D.C.:Island Press,2000),91.

[16] Information on Hawaii’s land snails comes from Christen Mitchell et al.,Hawaii’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy(Honolulu:Department of Land and Natural Resources,2005).

[17] David Quammen,The Song of the Dodo:Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions(1996;reprint,New York:Scribner,2004),333.

[18] Van Driesche and Van Driesche,Nature out of Place,123.

[19] George H.Hepting,“Death of the American Chestnut,”Forest and Conservation History 18(1974):60.

[20] “Kentucky bluegrass”是北美地区的惯常称谓,其学名为草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis),原产于欧亚大陆。——译者

[21] 即野胡萝卜,在我国江浙地区又称鹤虱草,是食用胡萝卜经过人类种植筛选之前的原始物种。——译者

[22] 远东白英在我国的标准学名是南蛇藤,原产于东亚地区。实际上,南蛇藤与白英在分类学上甚至都不属于同一个科。——译者

[23] Paul Somers,“The Invasive Plant Problem,”<http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dfg/nhesp/land-protection-andmanagement/invasive-plant-problem.pdf>.

[24] John C.Maerz,Victoria A.Nuzzo,and Bernd Blossey,“Declines in Woodland Salamander Abundance Associated with Non-Native Earthworm and Plant Invasions,”Conservation Biology 23(2009):975-981.

[25] “Operation Toad Day Out:Tip Sheet,”Townsville City Council,<http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/resident/pests/Documents/TDO%202012_Tip%20Sheet.pdf>.

[26] Steven L.Chown et al.,“Continent-wide Risk Assessment for the Establishment of Nonindigenous Species in Antarctica,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(2012):4938-4943.

[27] Alan Burdick,Out of Eden:An Odyssey of Ecological Invasion(New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2005),29.

[28] Jennifer A.Leonard et al.,“Ancient DNA Evidence for Old World Origin of New World Dogs,”Science 298(2002):1613-1616.

[29] Quoted in Kim Todd,Tinkering with Eden:A Natural History of Exotics in America(New York:Norton,2001),137-138.